Linux konsole

Get via App Store Read this post in our app! How to open a command terminal in Linux? I want to open the terminal (command prompt) on a Linux machine using Java code. I know how to open command prompt in windows.The following code i have used in windows. I need the same thing in Linux. Thanks for your answers. I would like to run a sh script also. Whether the following code works. In Linux, there are a number of terminal emulators which allow you to interact with various shells . Each shell is basically a command interpreter that understands Linux commands (GNU & Unix commands is more correct I suppose. ). A terminal emulator provides an interface (window) for the shell and some other facilities for using the command prompt. To open a terminal window, you just have to modify your command string like this:- The basic assumption I have made is that you want to open xterm , which is available on almost any system (with X installed of course). You might want to open another terminal emulator like rxvt, eterm, aterm, gnome-terminal or konsole. The command string can also be modified to use different shells like zsh . I suggest you catch an exception in case the terminal you chose isn't present and handle it by asking the user to install it. A better solution is to accept command line arguments for the users preferred shell or to use a configuration file which the user can change to make your script open the shell of his/her choice. 1. As others have already pointed out, xterm (or any other terminal of your choice) may not be in the path specified (/usr/bin/. ) and may not even be installed, so you might have to use some fancy command string (Ex: pipelining find through grep to get the path to xterm before launching), which isn't such a great idea. I think the best way is to let the user configure the whole thing. 2.I got a comment on this answer (by ypnos), suggesting that I avoid using absolute paths and rather rely on the command being in the PATH environment variable. I have to say I agree. In that case, the command string should be - Do look at the comment, because it also points out the problem with using find. Under Gnome, it's gnome-terminal . Under KDE, it's konsole . Or you could use the more generic terminal program xterm . You'll probably want to use options with most of this, so look up the man pages for the one you want. There's no single standard "terminal" command on Linux - the ones available depend on which GUI is present (i.e. whether KDE, or Gnome, etc). You should be able to rely on xterm being present, but on modern Linux variants that's not the terminal of choice: Of course, "xterm" might not be in that particular path. xterm will most probably be available on most Linux-based operating systems and if present will be found in the path variable. Therefore, you will need to do something like this: The -e option can be used to invoke either a script or another program, for example: javac. In this case you would make an assignment like: myScript = "javac". You will need the " ; le_exec" part if you do not want the window to immediately close after execution, otherwise discard it. The semi-colon is used to separate commands and le_exec is just a simple script that waits for the user to press Enter. However, if your script needs arguments, then you would need to replace the String myScript by and array of Strings. I think it would be nice if your application will open user's default terminal application. Unfortunately, it seems that there is no universal way to determine it. In my opinion the most preferrable solution would be (stop whenever you can open something): try to recongnize user's desktop environment and determine it's default terminal application. You can read something about it here. check environment variable $TERM Ask user for her preference and save it in configuration file. Finding out user's desktop environment and it's default terminal might be too complicated for your purpose, so I'd use two last options. You can run application from $TERM with code like this: There isn't actually a "the" terminal. What you really want is shell. Most Linuxes uses BaSH as a shell, but to keep on the safe side you should restrict yourself to /bin/sh. Edit: Hmm I probably missunderstood the question. If you want an interactive terminal you should look into using a toolkit providing a component for that. Edit2: Maybe your needs can be served by VTE which is a GTK+ component for embedding a terminal. I would definitely provide an easy way to configure the path to the desired terminal in a place that can be easily edited. For example maybe in a configuration XML file. Different distros will keep this in different places, so it's probably best to check the per distribution documentation for the platforms you're targeting (and to document how to change it). "/usr/bin/xterm" should be on most machines, but I wouldn't necessarily bet the farm on it. since you have to assume you know almost nothing about the system you are running this on, I'd say lowest common denominator would be:

Linux konsole

Linux Shortcuts and Commands: by Stan and Peter Klimas. This is a practical selection of the commands we use most often. Press <Tab> to see the listing of all available command (on your PATH). On my small home system, it says there are 2595 executables on my PATH. Many of these "commands" can be accessed from your favourite GUI front-end (probably KDE or Gnome) by clicking on the right menu or button. They can all be run from the command line. Programs that require GUI have to be run from a terminal opened under a GUI. <> = single special or function key on the keyboard. For example <Ctrl> indicates the "control" key. italic = name of the file or variable you probably want to substitute with your own. fixed width = in-line Linux commands and filenames. Notes for the UNIX Clueless: 1. LINUX IS CASE-SENSITIVE. For example: Netscape, NETSCAPE and nEtscape are three different commands. Also my_filE, my_file, and my_FILE are three different files. Your user login name and password are also case sensitive. (This goes with the tradition of UNIX and the "c" programming language being case sensitive.) 2. Filenames can be up to 256 characters long and can contain letters, numbers, "." (dot), "_" (underscore), "-" (dash), plus some other not recommended characters. 3. Files with names starting with "." are normally not shown by the ls (list) or dir commands. Think of these files as "hidden". Use ls -a (list with the option "all") to see these files. 4. "/" is an equivalent to DOS "\" (root directory, meaning the parent of all other directories). 5. Under Linux, all directories appear under a single directory tree (there are no DOS-style drive letters). 6. In a configuration file, a line starting with # is a comment. 7.1 Linux essential shortcuts and sanity commands. Switch to the first text terminal. Under Linux you can have several (6 in standard setup) terminals opened at the same time. Switch to the nth text terminal. Print the name of the terminal in which you are typing this command. Switch to the first GUI terminal (if X-windows is running on this terminal). Switch to the nth GUI terminal (if a GUI terminal is running on screen n-1). On default, nothing is running on terminals. 8 to 12, but you can run another server there. (In a text terminal) Autocomplete the command if there is only one option, or else show all the available options. THIS SHORTCUT IS GREAT! It even works at LILO prompt! Scroll and edit the command history. Press <Enter> to execute. Scroll terminal output up. Work also at the login prompt, so you can scroll through your bootup messages. Scroll terminal output down. (in X-windows) Change to the next X-server resolution (if you set up the X-server to more than one resolution). For multiple resolutions on my standard SVGA card/monitor, I have the following line in the file /etc/X11/XF86Config (the first resolution starts on default, the largest determines the size of the "virtual screen"): Modes "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" "512x384" "480x300" "400x300" "1152x864" (in X-windows) Change to the previous X-server resolution. (in X-windows) Kill the current X-windows server. Use if the X-windows server crushes and cannot be exited normally. Shut down the system and reboot. This is the normal shutdown command for a user at the text-mode console. Don't just press the "reset" button for shutdown! Kill the current process (mostly in the text mode for small applications). Log out from the current terminal. See also the next command. Send [End-of-File] to the current process. Don't press it twice else you also log out (see the previous command). Stop the transfer to the terminal. Resume the transfer to the terminal. Try if your terminal mysteriously stops responding. Send the current process to the background. Logout. I can also use logout for the same effect. (If you have started a second shell, e.g., using bash the second shell will be exited and you will be back in the first shell, not logged out.) Restore a screwed-up terminal (a terminal showing funny characters) to default setting. Use if you tried to "cat" a binary file. You may not be able to see the command as you type it. Paste the text which is currently highlighted somewhere else. This is the normal "copy-paste" operation in Linux. (It doesn't work with Netscape and WordPerfect which use the MS Windows-style "copy-paste". It does work in the text terminal if you enabled "gpm" service using "setup".) Best used with a Linux-ready 3-button mouse (Logitech or similar) or else set "3-mouse button emulation"). (tilde) My home directory (normally the directory /home/my_login_name ). For example, the command cd. / my_dir will change my working directory to the subdirectory " my_dir " under my home directory. Typing just "cd" alone is an equivalent of the command "cd. (dot) Current directory. For example, ./my_program will attempt to execute the file "my_program" located in your current working directory. (two dots) Directory parent to the current one. For example, the command cd .. will change my current working directory one one level up. 7.2 Common Linux commands--system info. Print working directory, i.e., display the name of my current directory on the screen. Print the name of the local host (the machine on which you are working). Use netconf (as root) to change the name of the machine. Print my login name. Print user id (uid) and his/her group id (gid), effective id (if different than the real id) and the supplementary groups. Print or change the operating system date and time. E.g., I could change the date and time to 2000-12-31 23:57 using this command: To set the hardware (BIOS) clock from the system (Linux) clock, use the command (as root) setclock. Determine the amount of time that it takes for a process to complete + other info. Don't confuse it with the date command. E.g. I can find out how long it takes to display a directory content using: Determine the users logged on the machine. (=remote who) Determine all users logged on your network. The rwho service must be enabled for this command to run. If it isn't, run setup as root to enable "rwho". System info about a user. Try: finger root. Show listing of users last logged-in on your system. Show the last (1000 or so) commands executed from the command line on the current account. The "| more" causes the display to stop after each screenful. Show the amount of time since the last reboot. (=print status) List the processes currently run by the current user. List all the processes currently running, even those without the controlling terminal, together with the name of the user that owns each process. Keep listing the currently running processes, sorted by cpu usage (top users first). In KDE, you can get GUI-based Ktop from "K"menu under "System"-"Task Manager" (or by executing "ktop" in an X-terminal). (= Unix name with option "all") Info on your (local) server. I can also use guname (in X-window terminal) to display the info more nicely. Memory info (in kilobytes). (=disk free) Print disk info about all the filesystems (in human-readable form) (=disk usage) Print detailed disk usage for each subdirectory starting at the "/" (root) directory (in human legible form). Cpu info--it show the content of the file cpuinfo . Note that the files in the /proc directory are not real files--they are hooks to look at information available to the kernel. List the interrupts in use. Linux version and other info. Show the types of filesystems currently in use. Show the setup of printers. (As root. Use /sbin/lsmod to execute this command when you are a non-root user.) Show the kernel modules currently loaded. Show the current user environment. Show the content of the environment variable "PATH". This command can be used to show other environment variables as well. Use "set" to see the full environment. Print kernel messages (the content of the so-called kernel ring buffer). Press "q" to quit "less". Use less /var/log/dmesg to see what "dmesg" dumped into this file right after the last system bootup. 7.3 Basic operations. Display a brief help on a command (works with most commands). "--help" works similar to DOS "/h" switch. The "more" pipe is needed if the output is longer than one screen. Display the contents of the system manual pages (help) on the topic. Try man man first. Press "q" to quit the viewer. The command info topic works similar and may contain more up-to-date information. Manual pages can be hard to read. Try any_command --help for short, easy to digest help on a command. If more info needed, have a look to the directory /usr/doc . To display manual page from a specific section, I may use something like in this example: man 3 exit (this displays an info on the command exit from section 3 of the manual pages). Give me the list of the commands that have something to to do with my topic. Display brief info on a bash (shell) build-in command. List the content of the current directory. Under Linux, the command "dir" is an alias to ls. Many users have "ls" to be an alias to "ls --color". List the content of the current directory, all files (also those starting with a dot), and in a long form. Pipe the output through the "more" command, so that the display pauses after each screenful. Change directory. Using "cd" without the directory name will take you to your home directory. "cd -" will take you to your previous directory and is a convenient way to toggle between two directories. "cd .." will take you one directory up. Copy files. E.g., cp /home/stan/existing_file_name . will copy a file to my current working directory. Use the "-r" option (for recursive) to copy the contents of whole directories, e.g. , cp -r my_existing/dir/ mcopy source destination. Copy a file from/to a DOS filesystem (no mounting necessary). E.g., mcopy a:\autoexec.bat. /junk . See man mtools for related commands: mdir, mcd, mren, mmove, mdel, mmd, mrd, mformat . Move or rename files. The same command is used for moving and renaming files and directories. Create a hard link called destination to the file called source . The link appears as a copy of the original files, but in reality only one copy of the file is kept, just two (or more) directory entries point to it. Any changes the file are automatically visible throughout. When one directory entry is removed, the other(s) stay(s) intact. The limitation of the hard links are: the files have to be on the same filesystem, hard links to directories or special files are impossible. Create a symbolic (soft) link called "destination" to the file called "source". The symbolic link just specifies a path where to look for the file. In contradistinction to hard links, the source and destination don't not have to tbe on the same filesystem. In comparison to hard links, the drawback of symbolic links are: if the original file is removed, the link is "broken", symbolic links can also create circular references (like circular references in spreadsheets or databases, e.g., "a" points to "b" and "b" points back to "a"). Remove (delete) files. You must own the file in order to be able to remove it. On many systems, you will be asked or confirmation of deleation, if you don't want this, use the "-f" (=force) option, e.g., rm -f * will remove all files in my current working directory, no questions asked. Make a new directory. Remove an empty directory. (recursive remove) Remove files, directories, and their subdirectories. Careful with this command as root--you can easily remove all files on the system with such a command executed on the top of your directory tree, and there is no undelete in Linux (yet). But if you really wanted to do it (reconsider), here is how (as root): rm -rf /* View the content of a text file called "filename", one page a time. The "|" is the "pipe" symbol (on many American keyboards it shares the key with "\") The pipe makes the output stop after each screenful. For long files, it is sometimes convenient to use the commands head and tail that display just the beginning and the end of the file. If you happened to use "cat" a binary file and your terminal displays funny characters afterwards, you can restore it with the command "reset". Scroll through a content of a text file. Press q when done. "Less" is roughly equivalent to "more" , the command you know from DOS, although very often "less" is more convenient than "more". Edit a text file using the simple and standard text editor called pico . Edit a text file, while disabling the long line wrap. Handy for editing configuration files, e.g. /etc/fstab . Find the file called "filename" on your filesystem starting the search from the root directory "/". The "filename" may contain wildcards (*,?). Find the file name of which contains the string "filename". Easier and faster than the previous command but depends on a database that normally rebuilds at night. Run an executable in the current directory, which is not on your PATH. Change the date/time stamp of the file filename to the current time. Create an empty file if the file does not exist. Start a barebone X-windows server (without a windows manager). Start an X-windows server and the default windows manager. Works like typing "win" under DOS with Win3.1. Start another X-windows session on the display 1 (the default is opened on display 0). You can have several GUI terminals running concurrently. Switch between them using <Ctrl><Alt><F7>, <Ctrl><Alt><F8>, etc. (in X terminal) Run a simple X-windows terminal. Typing exit will close it. There are other, more advanced "virtual" terminals for X-windows. I like the popular ones: konsole and kvt (both come with kde) and gnome-terminal (comes with gnome). If you need something really fancy-looking, try Eterm . (in X terminal). Very nice, old-fashioned game. Many small games/programs are probably installed on your system. I also like xboard (chess). (as root) Shut down the system to a halt. Mostly used for a remote shutdown. Use <Ctrl><Alt><Del> for a shutdown at the console (which can be done by any user). (as root, two commands) Halt or reboot the machine. Used for remote shutdown, simpler to type than the previous command. Network apps. (in X terminal) Run netscape (requires a separate Netscape installation). The current versions of Netscape (4.x) are known to be big and buggy. They occasionally crash by vanishing (no other harm done). Also, when not connected to the network , Netscape likes to refuse to do anything (looks like it hanged)-it revives when you connect. (in X terminal) Run netscape on the current machine and direct the output to machine named "host" display 0 screen 0. Your current machine must have a permission to display on the machine "host" (typically given by executing the command xhost current_machine_name in the xterminal of the machine host. Other X-windows program can be run remotely the same way. View an html file or browse the net from the text mode. A good text-mode mail reader. Another good and standard one is elm . Your Netscape mail will read the mail from your Internet account. pine will let you read the "local" mail, e.g. the mail your son or a cron process sends to you from a computer on your home network. The command mail could also be used for reading/composing mail, but it would be inconvenient--it is meant to be used in scripts for automation. A good tex-mode mail reader. See the previous command. A really basic but extremally useful and fast mail reader. A basic operating system tool for e-mail. Look at the previous commands for a better e-mail reader. mail is good if you wanted to send an e-mail from a shell script. (in X term) An icq "instant messaging" client. Another good one is kxicq . Older distributions don't have an icq client installed, you have to do download one and install it. Talk to another user currently logged on your machine (or use " talk username1 @ machinename " to talk to a user on a different computer) . To accept the invitation to the conversation, type the command " talk username2 ". If somebody is trying to talk to you and it disrupts your work, your may use the command " mesg n " to refuse accepting messages. You may want to use " who " or " rwho " to determine the users who are currently logged-in. Launch the "Midnight Commander" file manager (looks like "Norton Commander" for Linux). Connect to another machine using the TELNET protocol. Use a remote machine name or IP address. You will be prompted for your login name and password--you must have an account on the remote machine to login. Telnet will connect you to another machine and let you operate on it as if you were sitting at its keyboard (almost). Telnet is not very secure--everything you type goes in open text, even your password! (=remote login) Connect to another machine. The login name/password from your current session is used; if it fails you are prompted for a password. (=remote shell) Yet another way to connect to a remote machine. The login name/password from your current session is used; if it fails you are prompted for a password. Ftp another machine. (There is also ncftp which adds extra features and gftp for GUI .) Ftp is good for copying files to/from a remote machine. Try user "anonymous" if you don't have an account on the remote server. After connection, use "?" to see the list of available ftp commands. The essential ftp command are: ls (see the files on the remote system), ASCII , binary (set the file transfer mode to either text or binary, important that you select the proper one ), get (copy a file from the remote system to the local system), mget (get many files at once), put (copy a file from the local system to the remote system), mput (put many files at once), bye (disconnect). For automation in a script, you may want to use ncftpput and ncftpget , for example: ncftpput -u my_user_name -p my_password -a remote.host.domain remote_dir *local.html. Minicom program (looks like "Procomm for Linux"). File (de)compression. (=tape archiver) Untar a tarred and compressed tarball (*.tar.gz or *.tgz) that you downloaded from the Internet. Untar a tarred but uncompressed tarball (*.tar). Decompress a zipped file (*.gz" or *.z). Use gzip (also zip or compress ) if you wanted to compress files to this file format. (=big unzip) Decompress a file (*.bz2) zipped with bzip2 compression utility. Used for big files. Decompress a file (*.zip) zipped with a compression utility compatible with PKZIP for DOS. Extract the content of an *.arj archive. Decode a file encoded with uuencode . uu-encoded files are typically used for transfer of non-text files in e-mail (uuencode transforms any file into an ASCII file). 7.4 Process control. (=print status) Display the list of currently running processes with their process IDs (PID) numbers. Use ps axu to see all processes currently running on your system (also those of other users or without a controlling terminal), each with the name of the owner. Use "top" to keep listing the processes currently running. Bring a background or stopped process to the foreground. Send the process to the background. Opposite to fg. The same can be accomplished with <Ctrl>z. If you have stopped jobs, you have to type exit twice in row to log out. Run any command in the background (the symbol "&" means "run the proceeding command in the background"). Run any command (usually one that is going to take more time) when the system load is low. I can logout, and the process will keep running. Execute a command at a specified time. You will be prompted for the command(s) to run, until you press <Ctrl>d. Force a process shutdown. First determine the PID of the process to kill using ps. Kill program(s) by name. (in an xwindow terminal) Kill a GUI-based program with mouse. (Point with your mouse cursor at the window of the process you want to kill and click.) (as root) Check and control the printer(s). Type "?" to see the list of available commands. Show the content of the printer queue. Under KDE (X-Windows), you may use GUI-based "Printer Queue" available from "K"menu-Utilities. Remove a printing job "job_number" from the queue. Run program_name adjusting its priority. Since the priority is not specified in this example, it will be adjusted by 10 (the process will run slower), from the default value (usually 0). The lower the number (of "niceness" to other users on the system), the higher the priority. The priority value may be in the range -20 to 19. Only root may specify negative values. Use "top" to display the priorities of the running processes. (as root) Change the priority of a running process to -1. Normal users can only adjust processes they own, and only up from the current value (make them run slower). <Ctrl>c , <Ctrl>z , <Ctrl>s , and <Ctrl>q also belong to this chapter but they were described previously. In short they mean: stop the current command, send the current command to the background, stop the data transfer, resume the data transfer. 7.5 Basic administration commands. (as root in X-terminal) Configuration tool for your printer(s). Settings go to the file /etc/printcap . (as root) Configure mouse, soundcard, keyboard, X-windows, system services. There are many distibution-specific configuration utilities, setup is the default on RedHat. Mandrake 7.0 offers very nice DrakConf . (as root, either in text or graphical mode). You can access and change hundreds of setting from it. Very powerful--don't change too many things at the same time, and be careful with changing entries you don't understand. (in X-terminal). Adjust the settings of the graphical display for all resolutions so as to eliminate black bands, shift the display right/left/up/down, etc. (First use the knobs on your monitor to fit your text mode correctly on the screen.) To make the changes permanent, display the frequencies on the screen and transfer them to the setup file /etc/X11/XF86Config . Create an alias for the command "ls" to enhance its format with color. In this example, the alias is also called "ls" and the "color" option is only envoke when the output is done to a terminal (not to files). Put the alias into the file /etc/bashrc if you would like the alias to be always accessible to all users on the system. Type " alias " alone to see the list of aliases on your system. Create a new account (you must be root). E.g., adduser barbara Don't forget to set up the password for the new user in the next step. The user home directory is /home/ user_name . The same as the command " adduser user_name " . Remove an account (you must be a root). The user's home directory and the undelivered mail must be dealt with separately (manually because you have to decide what to do with the files). Create a new group on your system. Non-essential but can be handy even on a home machine with a small number of users. Change the password on your current account. If you are root, you can change the password for any user using: passwd user_name. (=change mode) Change the file access permission for the files you own (unless you are root in which case you can change any file). You can make a file accessible in three modes: read (r), write (w), execute (x) to three classes of users: owner (u), members of the same group as the owner (g), others on the system (o). Check the current access permissions using: If the file is accessible to all users in all modes it will show: The first triplet shows the file permission for the owner of the file, the second for his/her group, the third for others. A "no" permission is shown as "-". E.g., this command will add the permission to read the file "junk" to all (=user+group+others): This command will remove the permission to execute the file junk from others: Also try here for more info. You can set the default file permissions for the news files that you create using the command umask (see man umask ). chown new_ownername filename. chgrp new_groupname filename. Change the file owner and group. You should use these two commands after you copy a file for use by somebody else. (=substitute user id) Assume the superuser (=root) identity (you will be prompted for the password). Type "exit" to return you to your previous login. Don't habitually work on your machine as root. The root account is for administration and the su command is to ease your access to the administration account when you require it. You can also use "su" to assume any other user identity, e.g. su barbara will make me "barbara" (password required unless I am a superuser). (as root in X terminal). GUI to to add/remove kernel modules. You can do the same from the command line using the command " insmod ", but " insmode " is less "newbie-friendly". List currently loaded kernel modules. A module is like a device driver--it provides operating system kernel support for a particular piece of hardware or feature. List all the modules available for your kernel. The available modules are determined by how your Linux kernel was compliled. Every possible module/feature can be compiled on linux as either "hard wired" (fast, non-removable), "module" (maybe slower, but loaded/removable on demand), or "no" (no support for this feature at all). (as root) Insert modules into the kernel (a module is roughly an equivalent of a DOS device driver). This example shows how to insert the modules for support of the external parallel port zip drive (it appears to be a problem to get the external zip drive to work in any other way under RH6.0 ). (as root, not essential). Remove the module module_name from the kernel. setserial /dev/cua0 port 0x03f8 irq 4. (as root) Set a serial port to a non-standard setting. The example here shows the standard setting for the first serial port (cua0 or ttyS0). The standard PC settings for the second serial port (cua1or ttyS1) are: address of i/o port 0x02f8, irq 3. The third serial port (cua2 or ttyS2): 0x03e8, irq 4. The forth serial port (cua3 or ttyS3): 0x02e8, irq 3. Add your setting to /etc/rc.d/rc.local if you want it to be set at the boot time. See man setserial for good a overview. (as root) Linux hard drive partitioning utility (DOS has a utility with the same name). (as root in X terminal). Nice GUI front-end for configuration of the kernel options in preparation for compilation of your customized kernel. (The directory name contains the version of your Linux kernel so you may need to modify the directory name if your Linux kernel version is different than 2.0.36 used in this example. You also need the "Tk" interpreter and the kernel source code installed. ) The alternatives to "make xconfig" are: "make config" (runs a scripts that asks you questions in the text mode) and "make menuconfig" (runs a text-based menu-driven configuration utility). Try: less /usr/doc/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO for more information. After the configuration, you may choose to proceed with kernel compilation of the new kernel by issuing the following commands: The last command will take some time to complete (maybe 0.5 h, depending on your hardware). It produces the file "zImage", which is your new Linux kernel. Next: Read: /usr/doc/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO for information on how to install the new kernel. You will probably also find it useful to read "man depmode". Configuration, compilation and installation of a new kernel is not difficult but it CAN lead to problems if you don't know what you are doing. Compilation of a kernel is a good way to test your hardware, because it involves a massive amount of computing. If your hardware is "flaky", you will most likely receive the "signal 11" error (read the beatiful /usr/doc/FAQ/txt/GCC-SIG11-FAQ ). See this for details on kernel upgrade. (as root) Build the module dependency table for the kernel. This can, for example, be useful after installing and booting a new kernel. Use " modprobe -a " to load the modules. (as root) Re-create the bindings and the cache for the loader of dynamic libraries ("ld"). You may want to run ldconfig after an installation of new dynamically linked libraries on your system. (It is also re-run every time you boot the computer, so if you reboot you don't have to run it manually.) (=make node, as root) Create a device file. This example shows how to create a device file associated with your first floppy drive and could be useful if you happened to accidentally erase it. The options are: b=block mode device (c=character mode device, p=FIFO device, u=unbuffered character mode device). The two integers specify the major and the minor device number. (=floppy disk format, two commands, as root) Perform a low-level formatting of a floppy in the first floppy drive (/dev/fd0), high density (1440 kB). Then make a Linux filesystem (-t ext2), checking/marking bad blocks (-c ). Making the files system is an equivalent to the high-level format. badblocks /dev/fd01440 1440. (as root) Check a high-density floppy for bad blocks and display the results on the screen. The parameter "1440" specifies that 1440 blocks are to be checked. This command does not modify the floppy. (=file system check, as root) Check and repair a filesystem. The example uses the partition hda2, filesystem type ext2. dd if=/dev/fd0H1440 of=floppy_image. dd if=floppy_image of=/dev/fd0H1440. (two commands, dd="data duplicator") Create an image of a floppy to the file called "floppy_image" in the current directory. Then copy floppy_image (file) to another floppy disk. Works like DOS "DISKCOPY". Program installation. (=RedhatPackageManager, install, verbose, hashes displayed to show progress, as root.) Install a content of RedHat rpm package(s) and print info on what happened. Keep reading if you prefer a GUI installation. (=RedhatPackageManager, query, package, list.) Read the info on the content of a yet uninstalled package filename.rpm . (=RedhatPackageManager, query, package, information.) List the files contained in a yet uninstalled package filename.rpm . (=RedhatPackageManager, query, file.) Find out the name of the *.rpm package to which the file filename (on your hardrive) belongs. (=RedhatPackageManager, erase=uninstall.) Uninstall a package pagckagename . Packagname is the same as the beginning of the *.rpm package file but without the dash and version number. (in X terminal, as root if you want to be able to install packages) GUI fronts to the Red Hat Package Manager (rpm). "glint" comes with RH5.2, "gnorpm" with RH6.0, "kpackage" comes with RH6.1 or must be installed separately but is the best of the three. Use any of them to view which software packages are installed on your system and the what not-yet-installed packages are available on your RedHat CD, display the info about the packages, and install them if you want (installation must be done as root). Accessing drives/partitions. See here for details on mounting drives. Examples are shown in the next commands. mount -t auto /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy. (as root) Mount the floppy. The directory /mnt/floppy must exist, be empty and NOT be your current directory. mount -t auto /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom. (as root) Mount the CD. You may need to create/modify the /dev/cdrom file depending where your CDROM is. The directory /mnt/cdrom must exist, be empty and NOT be your current directory. (as user or root) Mount a floppy as user. The file /etc/fstab must be set up to do this. The directory /mnt/floppy must not be your current directory. (as user or root) Mount a CD as user. The file /etc/fstab must be set up to do this. The directory /mnt/cdrom must not be your current directory. Unmount the floppy. The directory /mnt/floppy must not be your (or anybody else's) current working directory. Depending on your setup, you might not be able to unmount a drive that you didn't mount. 7.6 Network administration tools. (as root) A very good menu-driven setup of your network. Check if you can contact another machine (give the machine's name or IP), press <Ctrl>C when done (it keeps going). Show the kernel routing table. Query your default domain name server (DNS) for an Internet name (or IP number) host_to_find . This way you can check if your DNS works. You can also find out the name of the host of which you only know the IP number. Have a look how you messages trave to host_to_trace (which is either a host name or IP number). (for RH5.2, seen next command for RH6.0) Set up the firewall IP forwarding policy to masquerading. (Not very secure but simple.) Purpose: all computers from your home network will appear to the outside world as one very busy machine and, for example, you will be allowed to browse the Internet from all computers at once. echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward. ipfwadm-wrapper -F -p deny. ipfwadm-wrapper -F -a m -S xxx.xxx.xxx.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0. (three commands, RH6.0). Does the same as the previous command. Substitute the "x"s with digits of your class "C" IP address that you assigned to your home network. See here for more details. In RH6.1, masquarading seems broken to me--I think I will install Mandrake Linux:). (as root) Display info on the network interfaces currently active (ethernet, ppp, etc). Your first ethernet should show up as eth0, second as eth1, etc, first ppp over modem as ppp0, second as ppp1, etc. The "lo" is the "loopback only" interface which should be always active. Use the options (see ifconfig --help ) to configure the interfaces. ( /sbin/ifup to it run as a user) Startup a network interface. E.g.: Users can start up or shutdown the ppp interface only when the right permission was checked during the ppp setup (using netconf ). To start a ppp interface (dial-up connection), I normally use kppp available under kde menu "internet". ( /sbin/ifdown to run it as a user). Shut down the network interface. E.g.: ifdown ppp0 Also, see the previous command. Displays a lot (too much?) information on the status of your network. Music-related commands. Play the first track from a audio CD. Get a free coffee cup holder :))). (Eject the CD ROM tray). Play a wave file. Play an mp3 file. mpg123 -w my_file.wav my_file.mp3. Create a wave audio file from an mp3 audio file. (in X terminal) Start the program to downolad mp3 files that other users of napster have displayed for downloading. Really cool! (CD ripper) Read the contents of an audio CD and save it into wavefiles in the current directories, one track per wavefile. The "1-" means "from track 1 to the last". -B forces putting each track into a separate file. Play a midi file. playmidi -r my_file.mid will display text mode effects on the screen. (argument not given here) Convert from almost any audio file format to another (but not mp3s). See man sox . Graphics-related commands. Display a postscript file on screen. I can also use the older-looking ghostview or gv for the same end effect. ps2pdf my_file.ps my_file.pdf. Make a pdf (Adobe portable document format) file from a postscript file. (in X terminal) A humble looking but very powerful image processor. Takes some learning to use, but it is great for artists, there is almost nothing you can't do with gimp. Use your mouse right button to get local menus, and learn how to use layers. Save your file in the native gimp file format *.xcf (to preserve layers) and only then flatten it and save as png (or whatever). There is a large user manual /usr/ (in X terminal) Powerful photo editor. Convert the propriatory giff graphics into a raw, portable pnm file. Then convert the pnm into a png file, which is a newer and better standard for Internet pictures (better technically plus there is no danger of being sued by the owner of giff patents). Popular Topics. The MakeUseOf Online Shopping Guide. Here’s the cold, hard truth about Linux: the terminal is not going to become obsolete anytime soon, no matter how much you dislike it. Beginner-friendly distributions like Ubuntu and Linux Mint Is Linux Mint 17 "Qiana" The Ubuntu Killer? Is Linux Mint 17 "Qiana" The Ubuntu Killer? The latest version of Linux Mint, the 17th release codenamed "Qiana", is out! It's a great alternative for people leaving Windows as well as those who just don't quite like Ubuntu. Read More will rarely (if ever) require you to open the terminal emulator, yet they still include it as one of the default applications. After all, the terminal is a constituent part of Linux history Penguin Origins: The History of Linux [Geek History] Penguin Origins: The History of Linux [Geek History] There's virtually no place you can go without being in contact with Linux - it powers everything from regular computers to the most powerful servers to our handheld mobile devices. Most people who aren't techies. Read More , and the concept of command-line utilities is woven into the Unix philosophy. Instead of resisting and avoiding it, why not embrace the terminal and learn how to use it? If you’re ready to take that step, Konsole is a good starter tool. It’s the default terminal emulator on KDE and ships with every KDE distribution, but you can install it anywhere if you don’t mind the dependencies. Konsole is a well-balanced application that lets users customize it through dialogs and menus. This is great for beginners who don’t want to edit configuration files just to change the text color, as is necessary with other, usually lightweight terminal emulators. At the same time, advanced users won’t feel slighted when using Konsole because nearly every aspect of the application can be controlled and modified. This guide will showcase the features that make Konsole powerful and teach you how to adapt them to your needs. A Bit of Motivation. Before we get acquainted with Konsole, I’d like to motivate those who are still not sold on the idea of using the terminal. Yes, I understand it might feel intimidating How to Get Over Your Fear of Failing at Linux How to Get Over Your Fear of Failing at Linux Do you have questions about switching to the world of Linux? If you read this from start to finish, you'll have plenty of answers and tips to succeed at Linux. Read More if you’ve never used anything like it before. We’ve all been beginners at some point. Besides, the risk of breaking your Linux system with commands 9 Lethal Linux Commands You Should Never Run 9 Lethal Linux Commands You Should Never Run You should never run a Linux command unless you know exactly what it does. Here are some of the deadliest Linux commands that you'll, for the most part, want to avoid. Read More is real, especially if you use them without knowing what they do. However, today it’s much easier to be a Linux newbie 5 Golden Rules to Live By as a New Linux User 5 Golden Rules to Live By as a New Linux User How do you ensure that your transition to the new OS is smooth? Stick to the following five rules and you should do just fine. Read More than it was, say, fifteen years ago. The web is bigger and there are countless free resources The Linux Advantage: 5 Websites You Should Head to for Learning Linux The Linux Advantage: 5 Websites You Should Head to for Learning Linux Whether you've been putting off Linux for years or you're just hearing about it, there are ample reasons to start today. Want to try now? These resources will get you started. Read More , tutorials and even online courses Open For All: Linux Foundation & edX Launch Course For Learning Linux Open For All: Linux Foundation & edX Launch Course For Learning Linux Learning Linux is about to get easier and organized with a two pronged push. In a major educational initiative, The Linux Foundation is building a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) program in partnership with edX. Read More that help you learn everything about Linux commands An A-Z of Linux - 40 Essential Commands You Should Know An A-Z of Linux - 40 Essential Commands You Should Know Linux is the oft-ignored third wheel to Windows and Mac. Yes, over the past decade, the open source operating system has gained a lot of traction, but it’s still a far cry from being considered. Read More . Long gone are the days of poring over tedious text-only documentation: now you can learn to use the terminal 4 Ways to Teach Yourself Terminal Commands in Linux 4 Ways to Teach Yourself Terminal Commands in Linux If you want to become a true Linux master, having some terminal knowledge is a good idea. Here methods you can use to start teaching yourself. Read More with the method that suits you best. Yes, the terminal might seem redundant and old-fashioned at first. Yes, you could probably use Linux for the rest of your life without ever touching it. Still, consider these points: the terminal is indispensable for troubleshooting. Run a misbehaving application in the terminal and in most cases you’ll get an output that will point to the problem if you’re seeking help on a discussion board, the text-only output of a command is faster to share and parse than a bunch of screenshots the basic set of command-line utilities is more-or-less the same on every Linux distribution, so it doesn’t matter if you’re using elementaryOSElementary OS Freya: The Next Major Update To A Rising Linux DistroElementary OS Freya: The Next Major Update To A Rising Linux Distro Now, we're getting a glimpse at the first beta of the next released, codenamed "Freya". What's new in Freya, and is it worth upgrading or switching to it from other distributions? Read More and the person who’s helping you has Arch Linux. They can ask for the output of hardware listing commands without worrying whether you have them on your system you can run any application from the terminal, and some apps have special options like safe mode which are hard (or impossible) to access from the regular graphical interface running applications with elevated privileges is sometimes necessary, and it’s easier to do from the terminal actions that require multiple clicks and trudging through confirmation dialogs in an application can often be automated via scripts5 Beginner Linux Setup Ideas For Cron Jobs & Shell Scripts5 Beginner Linux Setup Ideas For Cron Jobs & Shell Scripts With bash scripting, you can do a complex series of tasks in one quick go so it's great for elaborate and repetitive needs. It's also a great way to get to know terminal. Read More or simple one-liners in the terminal. That way you can speed up your workflow and “make the computer work for you” it gets even better when you create aliasesHow to Define Command Line Aliases on Any Operating SystemHow to Define Command Line Aliases on Any Operating System We've talked about, and recommended getting to grips with your computer's command line terminal numerous times in the past. Tina wrote a good primer for Windows users with A Beginner's Guide To The Windows Command. Read More : you don’t have to remember commands or switches, only the word you choose as an alias if you want to feel like a hacker or impress your friends with your “mad skillz”, it’s more useful to actually know what you’re doing in the terminal than to just pretend you’re typingIdleKeyboard: Fake Keyboard Typing Sounds While You Surf The WebIdleKeyboard: Fake Keyboard Typing Sounds While You Surf The WebRead More commands. Convinced? Great. Let’s find out how to customize Konsole. Note that the screenshots and descriptions refer to the latest stable version of Konsole for KDE 4.1x. The application has been ported to Plasma 5 The Current State Of the New Linux Desktop Environment, Plasma 5 The Current State Of the New Linux Desktop Environment, Plasma 5 After years of polishing the 4.x series, KDE is once again leading the innovation race among Linux desktop environments with its latest product: Plasma 5. Read More , but it’s still plagued by annoying bugs, so I opted for the older version. Profiles and Appearance. Profiles are Konsole’s most practical feature. They make it possible to set up as many separate configurations as you want and switch between them in one session, or even use more profiles at once, each in its own tab. You can create and edit profiles in the Settings > Manage Profiles dialog. Every profile can start in a different directory and have a custom window size. Konsole opens the Bash shell by default, but you can run other shells (like zsh or fish) in their own profiles and tabs, or set up any other command or application to start when you load a profile. This configuration dialog contains various settings for Konsole behavior, so you can declare custom keybindings in the Keyboard tab and control mouseclick actions in the Mouse tab. We’ll return to other options in the next few sections. The most interesting tab is Appearance . Konsole supports color schemes Solarized - A Crisp, Scientifically-Based Color Scheme For Your Apps Solarized - A Crisp, Scientifically-Based Color Scheme For Your Apps If you spend your days in front of a computer monitor, color can be an important tool in the fight against fatigue and eye strain. Just about every text editor supports syntax coloring, and many. Read More , which you can create yourself or download for free. You can tweak background and font colors for optimal contrast, and choose the font type and size (Konsole detects and displays only monospaced fonts installed on your system). If you want, you can even set a background image for your terminal. Apart from individual profile configuration, Konsole has a general settings dialog under Settings > Configure Konsole . Here you can choose whether to display tabs and where to put them, as well as change the look of Konsole’s window titlebar. If you’re into meticulous tweaking, you’ll be happy to hear that Konsole lets you load a custom CSS file to modify the font, color, and size of tabs and the tab bar. Tab Management. By now it’s obvious that Konsole supports tabs. There’s nothing unusual about it—tabbed browsing The 5 Best Firefox 4 Addons For Tabbed Browsing The 5 Best Firefox 4 Addons For Tabbed Browsing Read More has become a de facto standard for web browsers, and desktop applications like text editors Advanced Linux Text Editors Compared: kate vs gedit Advanced Linux Text Editors Compared: kate vs gedit Any Linux user will tell you that a good text editor is a vital component of a computer system, no matter if you're a new user or a seasoned pro. While using a Terminal text. Read More , file managers, and terminal emulators 5 Cool Apps to Make the Linux Terminal More Productive 5 Cool Apps to Make the Linux Terminal More Productive Read More have followed suit. In Konsole, you can rename and detach every tab if you click on it in the tab bar. Detaching a tab closes it in the current Konsole window and opens it in a new one. This is helpful when you want to move an active application to another virtual desktop. To copy a tab into the current window, use the File > Clone Tab option. If you want an overview of several tabs at once, Konsole offers the Split View option in the View menu. Split View will copy all opened tabs in horizontal or vertical containers, essentially creating a windows-within-a-window situation. You can select the same tab in every container, but scroll to different positions in each one, which is handy when you’re reading a long file. It’s important to remember that closing a tab in one view closes it in all active views. Konsole also supports Fullscreen Mode, which will cover the panel and all active windows once you press F11 . It’s a quick way to hide the desktop! If you often work with the same directories and find yourself opening the same files in Konsole tabs every day, it’s good to know that you can bookmark all opened tabs as a folder and load them all at once the next time you start Konsole. In a way, Konsole bookmarks replace the Save Session functionality How To Make The Most of Firefox's Session Manager How To Make The Most of Firefox's Session Manager Restoring browser sessions was a milestone in browser development. Meanwhile, all browsers offer this feature to some extent. Firefox allows you to restore previous windows and tabs, but it doesn't come with an elaborate session. Read More you might recall from your favorite web browser. Working With Files and Commands. Konsole is a great companion to a file manager—particularly to Dolphin, KDE’s default—for several reasons. First, it has an option in the File menu that opens the file manager in the currently active directory. Second, you can drag-and-drop items from the file manager window into the Konsole window and get a context menu with a set of convenient actions to copy, open, and link files and folders. If you want to monitor changes in a log or any other file, check the View menu and its Monitor for Activity/Silence options. Selecting this will allow Konsole to alert you via desktop notifications when something happens (or stops happening) in the tab for which you enabled the option. If you do your backups in the terminal, you can use this to get notified when they’re completed. As with any other KDE application, you can choose the type of notifications for Konsole. You’ll find the dialog under Settings > Configure Notifications . Aside from tracking the output of a command, Konsole can also save it as a text or HTML file, and print it to PDF or paper. Both options are in the File menu. You can control the scope of exported files by adjusting the size of the scrollback. It can be preset for each profile, or modified on-the-fly for every opened tab by right-clicking and choosing Adjust Scrollback from the context menu. Sometimes Linux commands 9 Quirky Linux Commands You Need to Know (And Will Love) 9 Quirky Linux Commands You Need to Know (And Will Love) Make ASCII art, talk to your computer and play text adventures. Your Linux command line isn't just for work: it can be weirdly entertaining, if you know the right commands. Read More produce huge outputs, flashing several hundred lines of code across the screen before you manage to read them. To give you more control over the contents of your terminal window, Konsole lets you toggle Flow Control —an option to pause the output of a command by pressing a keyboard shortcut. Again, you can configure this feature for each Konsole profile. More Tweaks, Tricks, and Getting Help. Konsole’s strength doesn’t end here. There are plenty more features and configuration options, both big and small, that you can use to turn Konsole into a perfectly personalized terminal emulator. If you love keyboard shortcuts, feel free to define your own, or just use the defaults. For example, Ctrl+mouse wheel will activate zoom, and holding Ctrl+Alt while highlighting text will automatically select columns if Konsole detects them in the output. There’s also the Search feature with support for regular expressions and case-sensitive keywords. Advanced users can start Konsole with the --background-mode switch. It will run, but remain invisible and silent, and you can bring it to front by pressing Ctrl+Shift+F12 . In case there’s a need to manually edit or backup Konsole profiles, they can be found as simple text files in the. You can discover more about Konsole at your own pace, as you gradually learn Linux commands, or you can just soak up all about it from the official help documentation. There’s an offline version that you can read directly in Konsole, but if you’d prefer a separate PDF file, you can download the Handbook. While preparing this article, I discovered that the Konsole Handbook was missing from the official KDE Documentation website, so I contacted Kurt Hindenburg, the developer of Konsole. He promptly replied and fixed the problem. Kudos to Kurt! Now when you know that Konsole is maintained by such awesome people, there’s really no reason not to try it. Tell us about your experiences with Konsole in the comments. Already a fan of Konsole? Then feel free to share more tips and tricks with our readers. 7 comments Write a Comment. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. How can I get the time to appear on the command line so I know when I initiated a program - my jobs run for hours and I open several windows - thanks. use oh my zsh from github. For ubuntu I use guake. Very fast and handy. I recommend. A really concise and stupendous article! Hats off to you Ivana! It really helped me in my research. Au Revoir! Thanks for such an informative article. I use Kubuntu and I had no idea the terminal could be tweaked in such a way. I saved this page to keep as a reference. Thank you. Thank you so much for the comment, Danny! My experience is actually similar to yours - I'm not some mad terminal wizard :), and I've also avoided using the terminal for a long time, for various reasons. I'm not using it much these days, either, but when I do, I love it because it's so fast and efficient. Whether it's backup scripts, email checking, or system cleanup and monitoring. you can really do amazing things with simple Bash scripts. And Konsole is a great choice for beginners because you don't have to spend too much time guessing and decyphering how to set it up. Everything is clearly laid out in customization dialogs that look just like any other dialogs in regular KDE apps. I wish you lots of fun and success in your experiments with the terminal, and I'm really glad you like the article. And remember: you don't have to learn *every* Linux command out there. Just figure out what you want to do and focus on that. Even the basics can get you a long way! :) Another nice article from you Ivana, very informative. As someone who grew up on DOS 1.0 and still did a lot of command line stuff well into the Windows error ( oops. era. Freudian Slip ? ) I did not get into Linux until a couple of years ago after being on Macs for the last decade. I have usually ignored any process that required me to go into terminal, particularly installing programs. My opinion now is if a programmer is too lazy to include an installer and/or wizard, your program is just not worth my time. I could do it, with some training/retraining in terminal syntax and usage, but my time is more valuable now and is taken up with many other useful things than to be hashing out multi-step install scripts via a terminal. That said, in terms of drilling down into the guts of my machine and to see in more detail the various paths and calls of a script is a useful thing that I should be more adept at. I will give these tips a go. At least it should take some of the discomfort out of using terminal and give me added impetus to become a Linux terminal guru. or close enough for rock and roll. Thanks again ! Ivana Isadora is a freelance writer and translator, Linux lover and KDE fangirl. She supports and promotes free & open source software, and she's always looking for fresh, innovative apps. Find out how to get in touch here. Blackview S8 Review: Galaxy Features Without The Astronomical Price (and Giveaway!) Mindkoo Unicat Cat Ear Headphones: Cute, and They Light Up (Review and Giveaway) Azulle Byte 3 Review: This Tiny, Fanless Mini PC Does Everything. The MakeUseOf Online Shopping Guide. How to Turn Your Amazon Fire TV Stick Into a… After Installing Windows 10: 5 Things You Must Do. How to Turn Your Amazon Fire TV Stick Into a Fire TV Box. Is Bitmoji a Threat to Your Privacy? How to Clear Your Safari Browsing History and Data. Yahoo Search. This page describes our privacy practices with respect to Yahoo Search and Yahoo Assistants. Information Collection & Use Practices. When you conduct a search on a product or service that uses Yahoo’s search technology, we collect information from your experience, such as your search queries. Search Assist helps you find what you are looking for by automatically offering popular search terms and new topics to consider. Search Assist may base suggestions on aggregated searches across all users and your individual search history. The Yahoo Search History tool allows you to see what you've searched for in the past. Learn how to manage your Search History tool. When you use Yahoo Search, you may see relevant, private results selected from other sources, such as your Yahoo Mail. Only you can see your private search results when you’re signed in. Learn how to manage, including turning off, Private Results. Some advertising you receive may be customized based on your searches or related terms at Yahoo. Please visit our Opt-Out page to learn more about the information used to personalize your search experience. If you opt-out, you will continue to see ads Yahoo serves on these websites, but they won’t be customized to your interests or search history. Visit the Search Preferences page to manage your Yahoo Search experience, including Safe Search, Search History, and Private Results. Yahoo Search uses image recognition algorithms to identify public figures, scenes, actions, or objects to make it easier to search images. Search Partners. A variety of third party providers help power Yahoo search and sponsored search services. We may share your search query, IP address, and other depersonalized information from your web browser or app, such as a unique identifier for your web browser, with these search partners. These third party providers may use this information, as well as your search results clicks, to provide more relevant advertising and search results for search product improvement, research and analysis, and to help detect and defend against fraudulent activity on sponsored or contextual search results. We may reformat results provided by these search partners to provide an enhanced search experience to you. To learn more about the data collection and use practices by these search partners, please visit our Third Parties page. Sponsored Search Results. Search results may consist of sites that have paid for placement in the search results. Learn more. Search results may contain tracking URLs provided by Yahoo Search Marketing and/or our Search Partners to identify clicks from the search results page. Yahoo Assistants are a new category of products and services using artificial intelligence guided by humans. These include chat bots operating in messenger platforms, virtual personal assistants and stand-alone apps accessed on Yahoo or through third-party apps and services. Yahoo Assistants may interact and converse with you to answer questions, help complete tasks or perform other activities. Assistants rely on our personnel and automated systems to respond to questions or instructions from users. We may collect information about you when you use our Assistants, in a manner different from our search technology, including your conversations and interactions with the Assistant, your Yahoo ID and information associated with your Yahoo account. We may also collect information provided by a third-party (including apps, messaging platforms and other services) interacting with our Assistants, which could include: your account information with the third-party, such as user ID, name, photo, phone number, email address; and device information such as device ID, device type, operating system, and mobile carrier. Yahoo’s personnel and automated systems may have access to all communications content as it is sent, received, and when it is stored, in order to fulfill your requests, further product and services development, and provide personalized experiences and advertising through Yahoo’s products and services. When you are communicating with our Assistants through a third-party, please read that company’s privacy policy to better understand what information it may retain and for what purposes. Location information collected through the Yahoo Assistants may not appear in the Location Management page. Please see Yahoo Search Help if you have questions about this service. Yahoo users who are European residents can request that certain URLs be blocked from search results in certain circumstances. For additional information on how Yahoo treats your personal information, please visit our Privacy Policy. Yahoo Privacy. To find out how Yahoo treats your personal information, please visit our Privacy Policy. This page describes current Yahoo practices with respect to this product or topic. Information on this page may change as Yahoo adds or removes features. Personalized Experience. By bringing content and advertising to you that is relevant and tailored to your interests, Yahoo provides a more compelling online experience. Update your content or search preferences, manage your advertising choices, or learn more about relevant advertising.